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Pb-Si ordering in sheet-oxychloride minerals: the super-structure of asisite, nominally Pb₇SiO₈Cl₂

Department of Mineralogy, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK

^* E-mail: mdw{at}nhm.ac.uk

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT Introduction Experimental procedures X-ray diffraction Results and discussion Acknowledgements References

 
The original structure determination of asisite, nominally Pb₇SiO₈Cl₂, has been re-evaluated in the light of electron-diffraction data (TEM) on the original sample material. Electron diffraction patterns indicate a super-structure based upon a metrically tetragonal 26-cation-site super-sheet motif (14 x 14 x 23 Å). Given the strong ordering of elements substituting for Pb in closely-related litharge-based oxychlorides (parkinsonite, symesite, kombatite, schwartzembergite), the asisite superstructure is inferred to be due to strong ordering of Si within the PbO sheet. The original chemical analyses of asisite given by Rouse et al. (1988) are shown to be consistent with such a super-structure, which has a 12Pb:1Si cation ratio. A new formula for asisite is proposed that is based upon this super-structure: Pb₁₂(SiO₄)O₈Cl₄ (Z = 8). The structure of asisite determined by Rouse et al. (1988) is that of the average Pb/Si-disordered tetragonal sub-cell (I4/mmm: 4 x 4 x 23 Å) and belies the highly ordered real state. The structure of the tetragonal sub-cell has been re-determined here: R = 5.6% for 178 unique F_o > 4F_o and an anisotropic model. A significantly reduced 72% occupancy of the Pb(2) site was found that implies the nominal formula Pb₇SiO₈Cl₂, thus confirming the findings of Rouse et al. (1988). Comparisons with kombatite and symesite support the assignment of Si to Pb(2) and imply that Si in asisite is also likely to be in tetrahedral coordination, with the apical oxygen cross-linking PbO sheets. However, because most of the key information relating to the location of Si is provided by the super-lattice reflections, the inability of X-ray diffraction to register these reflections introduces a significant ambiguity into the interpretation of Pb/Si ordering behaviour in this mineral.

KEYWORDS: asisite, lead oxychloride, electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, cation ordering, super-structure

	Introduction

TOP ABSTRACT Introduction Experimental procedures X-ray diffraction Results and discussion Acknowledgements References

 
THE sheet-oxychloride minerals of the nadorite group have structures that are derivatives of litharge and massicot, the tetragonal and orthorhombic polymorphs of PbO, respectively. Sheets of PbO structure alternate with sheets of Cl atoms which serve to charge-balance the structure when cations substitute for Pb²⁺. The PbO structure is remarkable in the diversity of substituent cations that it can accommodate. So far, the observed substituent cations have valences of 3+ (As, I, Sb, Bi), 4+ (Si), 5+ (As, Sb, V) and 6+ (Mo, S, W). In some cases (parkinsonite and schwartzembergite), X-ray structure determinations have seen only the tetragonal/pseudo-tetragonal sub-structure. Electron-diffraction (TEM) reveals that these minerals have well developed super-structures arising from cation ordering within the PbO sheets (Pb²⁺/Mo⁶⁺ in parkinsonite and Pb²⁺/I³⁺ in schwartzembergite). In other cases (e.g. kombatite, symesite) the super-structure is clearly visible by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). In those cases where there is a cryptic super-structure, the minerals have well defined and reproducible stoichiometries that do not conform to the X-ray sub-cell which is based upon eight cations. In such cases the sub-cell represents an average structure and implies a disordered cation distribution. Hence, XRD can seriously misrepresent the cation-ordering behaviour of these minerals.

Here, a re-evaluation of the ordering of Pb and Si in asisite, nominally Pb₇SiO₈Cl₂ (Rouse et al., 1988), is presented that is based upon electron-diffraction patterns collected on the type material upon which the original X-ray structure determination was made by Rouse et al. (1988). The tetragonal sub-cell of asisite (I4/mmm, a = 3.897, c = 22.81 Å) is shown in Fig. 1 and consists of alternating sheets of [Pb,Si],O and Cl atoms and empty anion layers as in parkinsonite, nominally Pb₇MoO₉Cl₂ (Symes et al., 1994). Rouse et al. (1988) did not locate the Si atoms, but recognized a reduced 75% occupancy of Pb(2) that they attributed to Si, thus acknowledging that Si is an essential component of the asisite structure and leading to a probable formula Pb₇SiO₈Cl₂ based upon their XRD study. The difficulty of directly locating Si in asisite arises from it being a much weaker X-ray scatterer than Pb and it is also present in small amounts in asisite. Rouse et al. (1988) report that Pb contributes ~80% of the X-ray scattering from asisite. However, in principle, the substitution of Si for Pb can be inferred from reduced Pb site occupancies. Two distinct sets of electron-microprobe analyses of different grains of asisite in the same probe mount were given by Rouse et al. (1988) that lead to the formulae (normalized to 7 Pb): Pb₇Si_0.77O_7.62Cl_1.80 and Pb₇Si_0.55O_7.07Cl_2.07. Are these minor Si variations incidental or might they correspond to distinct super-structures arising from Pb-Si ordering? This question is addressed in this paper.

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. The I4/mmm sub-cell of asisite, a = 3.893 Å and c = 22.803 Å. This type of sub-cell is shared with parkinsonite. Structure refinement indicates that ~75% of the Pb(2) sites are occupied. Pb(1) forms a Pb[O4Cl4] square antiprism; Pb(2) forms a PbO4 array and is not bonded to Cl.

	Experimental procedures

TOP ABSTRACT Introduction Experimental procedures X-ray diffraction Results and discussion Acknowledgements References

	X-ray diffraction

TOP ABSTRACT Introduction Experimental procedures X-ray diffraction Results and discussion Acknowledgements References

 
In order to reduce the effects of absorption on diffracted intensities, a small {001} crystal plate of asisite showing uniform extinction and good optical quality was mounted in Crystalbond^® and polished down to a thickness of 45 µm, giving final dimensions of 110 x 90 x 45 µm. An initial study of this crystal by precession photography was performed in order to search for weak superlattice reflections observed by electron diffraction. Exposure times of more than two days were required to register the very weak super-lattice reflections in hk0 diffraction patterns.

The crystal was then mounted on an Enraf-Nonius CAD4 diffractometer operated at 55 kV, 32 mA with graphite-monochromated Mo-K radiation. Unit-cell parameters and the orientation matrix were obtained from the setting angles of 25 centred reflections of the I4/mmm sub-cell based upon four-position centering (±, ±) in the range 10–32°2: a = 3.8932(6) Å, c = 22.803(4) Å, V = 345.63(10) ų. These values are very close to those determined by Rouse et al. (1988): a = 3.897(2) Å, c = 22.81(2) Å, V = 346.3(3) ų. After obtaining the sub-cell dimensions, an attempt was made to search for weak super-lattice reflections using a transformed cell based upon the super-cell observed by electron diffraction. However, no diffracted intensities at the expected positions of super-lattice reflections were registered in scans of 6 min duration. This observation is in keeping with the long exposure times required to observe these very weak reflections by precession photography. Reflections in a hemisphere of reciprocal space were collected from –5 h 5, 0 k 5, –32 l 32, giving a total of 1149 intensities covering 10–60°2 Reflections were scanned in -2 mode. Three standard reflections were monitored every 100 reflections. Raw peak intensities were corrected for Lp and background effects. An absorption correction was applied based upon scans (North et al., 1968) on nine reflections covering a wide 2 range using a rotation interval about the diffraction vector of 10°, which resulted in R_azimuthal = 6.1%. Symmetry-equivalent reflections were averaged (R_merge = 10.8%) and then reduced to structure factors. The structure was solved and refined using the SHELX97 suite of programs (Sheldrick, 1997) within the WinGX package (Farrugia, 1999). Neutral scattering factors were used. An attempt was also made to observe the super-lattice reflections using a CCD area detector (M.A. Cooper, pers. comm.), but even here they were not registered.

	Results and discussion

TOP ABSTRACT Introduction Experimental procedures X-ray diffraction Results and discussion Acknowledgements References

 
Electron diffraction
A typical hk0 electron diffraction pattern of asisite is shown in Fig. 2a with an ideal schematic version in Fig. 2b. Strong sub-lattice reflections are evident which arise from the I4/mmm sub-cell. In addition, there are many much weaker super-lattice reflections in a square array. From the orientation and dimensions of the reciprocal sub-lattice it is possible to deduce the metric topology of the super-structure (super-sheet) motif as shown in Fig. 3. This motif is based upon twenty-six cation sites. How does such a super-lattice compare with the chemical analyses of asisite given above? Interestingly, one of the formulae given by Rouse et al. (1988: Table 2, grains 1–3), Pb₇Si_0.55O_7.07Cl_2.07, recalculates (Pb = 12) to Pb₁₂Si_0.94O_12.12Cl_3.55, which is close to a 12Pb:1Si ratio. Clearly, this formula is consistent with the observed 26-site super-structure, i.e. the super-structure has a Pb₁₂Si cation stoichiometry. Note that a 13-cation-site motif is not possible for the PbO sheet topology.

View larger version (158K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. (a) A typical hk0 electron diffraction pattern of asisite with the reciprocal sub-cell shown. (b) A schematic of the geometrical relationship between the reciprocal sub- and super-cells of asisite superimposed upon the hk0 electron diffraction pattern.

View larger version (76K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. A schematic of the relationship between super-cell and sub-cell (shaded) superimposed upon a PbO sheet. Solid circles are Pb sites that lie above and below the sheet of oxygen atoms (open circles). Asisite has a 26-cation-site motif [13 Pb(1) + 13 Pb(2)] within the sheet and there are two Si atoms (not shown explicitly) per super-sheet. The super-sheet repeat is 14.06 Å.

X-ray crystal structure determination
In the absence of observable super-lattice reflections (see above), it was only possible to determine the structure of the asisite sub-cell by XRD. The Pb and Cl atoms were located by direct methods and the oxygen atom appeared in the first difference-Fourier synthesis. At this point it was noticed that Pb(2) had a U_iso twice that of Pb(1) (0.016 and 0.033 Ų), suggesting the possibility of partial occupancy of the Pb(2) site, or mixed-occupancy involving a light element, in this case probably Si. The scattering from asisite is dominated by Pb, with minor contributions from Cl and O. Only the sub-lattice reflections were measurable by XRD, and the contribution of Si to these reflections is likely to be very minor compared with Pb. The key information that might allow Si to be located directly is contained in the super-lattice reflections, which were not registered. However, some estimate of the Si occupancy of Pb(2) can be gained by refining the site occupancy. In order to reduce correlations between occupancy and U_iso, a partially-constrained iterative model was adopted in which the Pb(2) occupancy was refined while refining U_iso for Pb(1) and Pb(2) as equal. The refined Pb(2) occupancy was 72(1)% and the U_iso value for Pb(1,2) was 0.018(2) Ų. The occupancy of Pb(2) was then fixed at 72% and the U_iso parameters of Pb(1) and Pb(2) uncoupled and refined isotropically in the next four refinement cycles to give values of 0.017(1) and 0.018(1) Ų, respectively, thus removing the big discrepancy between the initial Pb U_iso values and stabilizing at a more reasonable value for the U_iso of Pb(2). This occupancy refinement strategy is similar to that used by Armbruster and Gnos (2000) in their study of the hydrogarnet substitution in vesuvianite. All atoms were then refined anisotropically and finally a reflection weighting scheme and an overall extinction coefficient were refined that led to final values of R₁ = 5.6% and wR₂ = 13.3%. Fourteen parameters were refined by least-squares. The / of the last refinement cycle was 0.001 and the final maximum and minimum residual electron densities were +8.6 and –2.9 e/ų, located close to the Pb atoms, and could not be meaningfully assigned. Information relating to the structure determination is summarized in Table 1; atom parameters are listed in Table 2 along with those given by Rouse et al. (1988). A table of structure factors is deposited with the Principal Editor, and is available from the Mineralogical Society website at www.minersoc.org/pages/e_journals/dep_mat.htm

The data in Table 2 show that the sub-structure determined here is almost identical to that of Rouse et al. (1988). Atom coordinates of the two studies are the same within the small standard errors, and Pb displacement parameters in the two studies are very similar. Bond lengths obtained here are: Pb(1)–O = 2.37(2) Å, Pb(1)–Cl = 3.351(1) Å and Pb(2)–O = 2.28(2) Å. These values are identical within error to those obtained by Rouse et al. (1988). The relatively large U_eq and U_ij values of the oxygen atom probably reflect the spread of oxygen positions in the superstructure rather than any dynamic positional disorder.

As indicated above, it proved possible to refine site occupancies successfully and to show that there is a significantly reduced occupancy of the Pb(2) site (72±1%), whereas Pb(1) is full. The refined Pb(2) occupancy implies a model formula Pb₇₁O₈Cl₂, ( = Pb[2] ‘vacancy’), which is also the model formula proposed by Rouse et al. (1988) who found 75% occupancy of Pb(2). Speculation that the vacancy may be due to the missing Si led to the nominal formula for asisite Pb₇SiO₈Cl₂. Comparisons with kombatite (Cooper and Hawthorne, 1994) and symesite (Welch et al., 2000) also imply that Si substitutes at Pb(2), as this site offers the possibility of forming additional Si–O bonds across the vacant (Cl-free) interlayer, providing cross-sheet connectivity.

While the full super-structure of asisite proposed here may elude determination by XRD, the electron-diffraction data presented here, taken with a re-evaluation of the chemical analyses of asisite, clearly indicate that a well-defined super-structure exists and that it is due to a high degree of ordering of Si within the PbO sheets. X-ray structure determinations based upon just sub-lattice reflections appear to seriously misrepresent the role of Si in this mineral and its chemical formula. However, these studies have provided important information regarding the preferential ordering of Si in the sheet of Pb(2)-type sites. Note that ordering of Si in one of the two different Pb layers (Pb1 and Pb2) of the PbO sheet is consistent with a 26- (not 13-) cation-site super-sheet.

Comparison with kombatite and symesite
The sheet-oxychloride minerals kombatite, Pb₁₄(VO₄)₂O₉Cl₄ (Cooper and Hawthorne, 1994), and symesite, Pb₁₀(SO₄)O₇Cl₄.H₂O (Welch et al, 2000), have their substituent cations (V⁵⁺ and S⁶⁺, respectively) in tetrahedral coordination. These minerals have 16- and 22-site super-sheet motifs, respectively. Given the low-pressure coordination chemistry of Si, it also is very likely to be in tetrahedral coordination in asisite. The full structural formula of asisite, recognizing that Si is in tetrahedral coordination, is then Pb₁₂(SiO₄)O₈Cl₄. Table 3 is a compilation of all known substituted Pb-sheet-oxychloride minerals, most of which have an odd Pb:X ratio (1, 3, 5, 7, 9). Asisite is the second member, after symesite, to have an even ratio. Almost nothing is understood about the crystal-chemical controls determining which super-structure forms for which substituent.

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Comparison of the local environments of the tetrahedral cations in symesite (SO4), kombatite (VO4) and that proposed for asisite (SiO4). Numbers refer to bond valences.

	Acknowledgements

TOP ABSTRACT Introduction Experimental procedures X-ray diffraction Results and discussion Acknowledgements References

 
I thank Richard Herd of the Geological Survey of Canada (Ottawa) for providing a sample of the type specimen for this study, Dr Barbara Cressey (Southampton University) for providing access to the TEM at Southampton Oceanography Centre, and Dr Marco Pasero (Pisa) for a helpful review. Alan Criddle was involved in the characterization of numerous lead oxychlorides, including the sheet minerals parkinsonite, mereheadite, symesite and asisite. I gratefully acknowledge Alan’s interest and enthusiasm throughout our studies of these extraordinary creatures.

TOP ABSTRACT Introduction Experimental procedures X-ray diffraction Results and discussion Acknowledgements References

 
Dedicated to the memory of Dr A. J. Criddle, Natural History Museum, London, who died in May 2002

[Manuscript received 5 February 2003: revised 2 May 2003]

	References

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Armbruster, T. and Gnos, E. (2000) Tetrahedral vacancies and cation ordering in low-temperature Mn-bearing vesuvianites: indication of a hydrogarnet substitution. American Mineralogist, 79, 550–554.

Bonaccorsi, E. and Pasero, M. (2003) Crystal structure refinement of sahlinite, Pb₁₄(AsO₄)₂O₉Cl₄. Mineralogical Magazine, 67, 15–21.[Abstract/Free Full Text][CrossRef][ISI][GeoRef]

Brown, I.D. and Altermatt, D. (1985) Bond-valence parameters obtained from a systematic search of the inorganic crystal structure database. Acta Crystallographica, B41, 244–247.[CrossRef]

Cooper, M. and Hawthorne, F.C. (1994) The crystal structure of kombatite, Pb₁₄(VO₄)₂O₉Cl₄, a complex heteropolyhedral sheet mineral. American Mineralogist, 79, 550–554.[Abstract][ISI][GeoRef]

Farrugia, L.J. (1999) WinGX suite for small-molecule single-crystal crystallography. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 32, 837–838.[CrossRef]

Giuseppetti, G. and Tadini, C. (1973) Riesame della struttura cristallina della nadorite, PbSbO₂Cl. Periodico di Mineralogia, 42, 335–45.[GeoRef]

Grice, J.D. and Dunn, P.J. (2000) Crystal-structure determination of pinalite. American Mineralogist, 85, 806–809.[Abstract/Free Full Text][ISI][GeoRef]

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North, A.C.T., Phillips, D.C. and Mathews, F.S. (1968) A semi-empirical method of absorption correction. Acta Crystallographica, A24, 351–359.[CrossRef]

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Rouse, R.C., Peacor, D.R., Dunn, P.J., Criddle, A.J., Stanley, C.J. and Innes, J. (1988) Asisite, a silicon-bearing lead oxychloride from the Kombat mine, South West Africa, Namibia. American Mineralogist, 73, 643–650.[Abstract][ISI][GeoRef]

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Symes, R.F., Cressey, G., Criddle, A.J., Stanley, C.J., Francis, J.G. and Jones, G.C. (1994) Parkinsonite, (Pb,Mo,)₈O₈Cl₂, a new mineral from Merehead Quarry, Somerset. Mineralogical Magazine, 58, 59–68.[Abstract][ISI][GeoRef]

Welch, M.D., Schofield, P.F., Cressey, G. and Stanley, C.J. (1996) Cation ordering in lead-molybdenum-vanadium oxychlorides. American Mineralogist, 81, 1350–1359.[Abstract][ISI][GeoRef]

Welch, M.D., Cooper, M.A., Hawthorne, F.C. and Criddle, A.J. (2000) Symesite, Pb₁₀(SO₄)O₇Cl₄.H₂O, a new PbO-related sheet mineral: description and crystal structure. American Mineralogist, 85, 1526–1533.[Abstract/Free Full Text][ISI][GeoRef]

Welch, M.D., Cooper, M.A., Hawthorne, F.C. and Kyser, T.C. (2001) Trivalent iodine in the crystal structure of schwartzembergite, Pb²⁺₅I³⁺O₆H₂Cl₃. The Canadian Mineralogist, 39, 785–795.[Abstract/Free Full Text][CrossRef][GeoRef]

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